?? ?? ? ??: ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????.??? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????.??: ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????.? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? "??"? ????, ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????.??? ??:

?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????.??? ??? ?? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? ????.?? ?? ??????? ? ??, ??? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???.– ???? ???: ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??.???? ???? ??? ???, ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.??, ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?

??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??. ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??, ???, ?? ????, ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??.???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??/????? ???.? ? ??? ?? ?????

?? ?? : ??? ??, ???? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????.??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ????.??? ??? : ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ???, ??, ??? ?? ?????.??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????.??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?

The legal career's return was marked from the renewed endeavours of church and state to manage it. In 1231, two French councils mandated that lawyers had to swear an oath of admission ahead of practicing prior to the bishop's courts within their locations, and an identical oath was promulgated via the papal legate in London in 1237.[214] In the cou